Proximity to Golf Courses and Risk of Parkinson Disease (Krzyzanowski, 2025)

This study by Krzyzanowski et al. (2025) found the greatest risk of Parkinson Disease within 1 to 3 miles of a golf course, and that this risk generally decreased with distance.

Effect sizes were largest in water service areas with a golf course in vulnerable groundwater regions.

The report matched 419 cases of Parkinson Disease with 5113 control subjects, living in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA.

They reported people living within 1 mile of a golf course were 126% more likely of developing Parkinsons Disease than people living more tha 6 miles away.

It is suggested that the link my be due to pesticides used.

Link: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2833716

Krzyzanowski, B., Mullan, A. F., Dorsey, E. R., Sai Shivani Chirag, Pierpaolo Turcano, Emanuele Camerucci, Bower, J. H., & Savica, R. (2025). Proximity to Golf Courses and Risk of Parkinson Disease. JAMA Network Open, 8(5), e259198–e259198. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.9198

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